{"id":12214,"date":"2024-04-14T11:29:19","date_gmt":"2024-04-14T08:29:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/?p=12214"},"modified":"2024-07-23T12:29:18","modified_gmt":"2024-07-23T09:29:18","slug":"detecting-vision-problems-in-children","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/detecting-vision-problems-in-children\/","title":{"rendered":"Detecting Vision Problems in Children"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"12214\" class=\"elementor elementor-12214\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d0d1b7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0d0d1b7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c6e1f79\" data-id=\"c6e1f79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45fe7a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45fe7a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>P VIJAYALAKSHMI | <span style=\"color: #333333;\">Senior Paediatric Ophthalmologist and Chief of Vision Rehabilitation Center: Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India.<\/span><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ee7aa elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88ee7aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Screening can detect eye conditions early \u2013 which is especially important in children, who need good vision in order to develop.<\/h3><p>The purpose of screening the eyes of children is to detect specific conditions in as many children in the population as possible, as soon as possible. The types of eye conditions that benefit from screening are those for which early detection and treatment improves visual or health outcomes, and for which there are reliable screening tests that are simple to use, and safe.<\/p><p>Screening on its own is not enough, however. There must also be eye care services where the children who fail screening tests can undergo a comprehensive eye examination to diagnose why they failed the test, and where they can receive effective treatment.<\/p><p>The eye conditions in children that can usefully be screened for are summarised in Table 1.<\/p><p><strong>Table 1<\/strong>\u00a0Eye conditions which can be screened for in children and adolescents in different age groups<\/p><div class=\"table-container-outer\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12238\" src=\"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-04-at-10.53.31-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1291\" height=\"2012\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-04-at-10.53.31-AM.png 1291w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-04-at-10.53.31-AM-768x1197.png 768w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-04-at-10.53.31-AM-986x1536.png 986w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-04-at-10.53.31-AM-600x935.png 600w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-04-at-10.53.31-AM-32x50.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1291px) 100vw, 1291px\" \/><\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><p>The screening tests listed in Table 1 may also detect conditions which are not treatable. However,\u00a0<strong>all<\/strong>\u00a0children who fail\u00a0<strong>any<\/strong>\u00a0screening test must be referred for examination by an eye care professional. For example, torchlight examination of a newborn may detect microphthalmos, and fundal (red) reflex testing may detect choroidal coloboma. Neither of these conditions need immediate intervention, but it is important to make the diagnosis.<\/p><h3>Newborn Screening<\/h3><p>Screening the eyes is now recommended by the World Health Organization as part of the general examination of all newborns.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cehjournal.org\/article\/detecting-vision-problems-in-children\/#ref\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0This can be done by the same person who carries out the general newborn examination, once they have received some additional training.<\/p><p>There are two parts to newborn eye screening:<\/p><ol><li>Using a torch to look at the eyelids, to check the size of the eyes and the clarity of the corneas.<\/li><li>Eliciting the fundal (red) reflex, which can be done with a direct ophthalmoscope such as the Arclight. Sometimes, the eyelids of newborns are a bit swollen and red reflex testing is difficult; the test can then be delayed until the baby is 6\u20138 weeks old.<\/li><\/ol><p>Arclights can easily be attached to a smartphone, which means you can take a video or photographs (Figure 1b). This is useful if you want to discuss what you have seen with somebody else.<\/p><p>Arclights have a small solar panel and batteries are not necessary; they are very light and inexpensive (US $10\u201315) and come with a lanyard and an otoscope for examining ears. Fundal reflex testing can also be undertaken in young children (and people of any age).<\/p><p>Teaching videos can be found here\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/CEHJarclight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/CEHJarclight<\/a><\/p><p>Screening\u00a0<strong>preterm babies<\/strong>\u00a0for retinopathy of prematurity is covered in detail in an earlier issue of the Journal (<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/CEHJretinopathy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/CEHJretinopathy<\/a>).<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_12220\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12220\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12220\" src=\"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Common8-Edit-copy-300x270-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Common8-Edit-copy-300x270-1.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Common8-Edit-copy-300x270-1-56x50.jpeg 56w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12220\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A child with retinoblastoma in the left eye, visible when using a torch light or ophthalmoscope to elicit the red reflex. INDIA \u00a9 Shilpa Sonarkhan CC BY-NC-SA 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure><h3>Preschool-age screening<\/h3><p>The same screening tests as for newborns can be used for preschool-aged children.<\/p><p>Whether preschool-aged children should also be screened for amblyopia (\u2018lazy eyes\u2019) is controversial, as this would require measuring their visual acuity, which can be very difficult.<\/p><p>A torchlight examination and fundal reflex testing should detect squint \u2013 a common cause of amblyopia. There is also very limited evidence on whether the management of amblyopia due to uncorrected refractive error (such as intermittent patching of the \u2018good\u2019 eye before the age of 5 years) has better outcomes than management after the age of 5 years.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cehjournal.org\/article\/detecting-vision-problems-in-children\/#ref\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>Screening preschool-aged children for refractive errors is also controversial, as they are too young to have developed myopia (short sightedness). Hyperopia (longsightedness), if present, resolves spontaneously in most young children.<\/p><h3>Children aged 6 years and above (including adolescents)<\/h3><p>The main purpose of screening school-age children is to detect and manage\u00a0<strong>uncorrected refractive errors<\/strong>. The most common screening test is a visual acuity measurement during which only one line of the Snellen chart needs to be used \u2013 either the 6\/9 line or the 6\/12 line. Each eye is tested separately.<\/p><p>All children who fail the screening test should undergo refraction by an experienced optometrist who then also measures the corrected visual acuity. If the vision does not improve, the child needs to be examined to rule out other causes of vision impairment.<\/p><p>If correction does improve the vision, it is important to follow the prescribing guidelines drawn up by IAPB (<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ypnja65y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ypnja65y<\/a>). Children whose vision only improves by one line of acuity are very unlikely to wear their spectacles, for example.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cehjournal.org\/article\/detecting-vision-problems-in-children\/#ref\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>Autorefractors and other technology can aid the screening process, but more evidence is needed on their effectiveness.<\/p><p>The age at which vision screening should start is very context-specific and depends on the age at which myopia commonly starts to develop in the child population in that country or region. For example, in China and southeast Asian countries, myopia can start at primary school age, and screening younger children is, therefore, warranted. However, in other parts of the world, myopia doesn\u2019t usually start until the age of 9 to 11 years.<\/p><p>School eye health programmes should not focus solely on detecting uncorrected refractive errors, as some children will have other conditions which need treatment, such as infective or allergic conjunctivitis, squint, or cataract.<\/p><h3>Summary<\/h3><p>Screening, using the range of methods outlined above, can detect eye conditions early. For all age groups of children, it is very important that processes are put in place to ensure that children who fail a screening test are examined by an eye health professional for a diagnosis, and that treatment is provided as soon as possible, whether it is spectacles, cataract surgery, or treatment of retinoblastoma or amblyopia.<\/p><\/div><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12240\" src=\"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.16-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1276\" height=\"1751\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.16-AM.png 1276w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.16-AM-768x1054.png 768w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.16-AM-1119x1536.png 1119w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.16-AM-600x823.png 600w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.16-AM-36x50.png 36w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\" \/><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12241\" src=\"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.53-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.53-AM.png 1280w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.53-AM-768x664.png 768w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.53-AM-600x519.png 600w, https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Screen-Shot-2024-04-14-at-11.22.53-AM-58x50.png 58w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p><h3>References<\/h3><p>1 WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO<\/p><p>2 Ameenat Lola Solebo, Phillippa M Cumberland, Jugnoo S Rahi. Wholepopulation vision screening in children aged 4\u20135 years to detect amblyopia. Lancet 2015 385: 2308\u201319<\/p><p>3 IAPB School Eye Health Work Group 2018. Standard school eye health guidelines for low and middle-income countries\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/cvxejtrj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/cvxejtrj<\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Featured image:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #333333;\">Using the Arclight ophthalmoscope to examine a child\u2019s eyes. TANZANIA \u00a9 Aeesha Malik CC BY-NC-SA 4.0<\/span><\/span><\/p><p>Originally published in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cehjournal.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Community Eye Health Journal<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f2f408 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f2f408\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b036ed0\" data-id=\"b036ed0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2088bce elementor-widget 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data-id=\"0cc9189\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f11d35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f11d35\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d19e4e2\" data-id=\"d19e4e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e4585 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e4585\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff613eb\" data-id=\"ff613eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P VIJAYALAKSHMI | Senior Paediatric Ophthalmologist and Chief of Vision Rehabilitation Center: Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India. Screening can detect eye conditions early \u2013 which is especially important in children, who need good vision in order to develop. The purpose of screening the eyes of children is to detect specific conditions in as many [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":12223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,18,19,27,28,29,1037,37,38,45],"tags":[143,236,238,1045,397,1079,583,1069,699,1044],"class_list":["post-12214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-childrens-health","category-children-vision","category-eye-health-matters","category-eyecare","category-eyeglasses","category-headlines","category-non-profit","category-ophthalmology","category-optometry","tag-childrens-vision","tag-eye-care","tag-eye-care-professional","tag-kids-eyeglasses","tag-kids-eyewear","tag-optical-research","tag-retinopathy","tag-study-and-research","tag-vision-care","tag-vision-problems","entry","has-media","owp-thumbs-layout-horizontal","owp-btn-normal","owp-tabs-layout-horizontal","has-no-thumbnails","has-product-nav"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12214"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12249,"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12214\/revisions\/12249"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eyezoneinternational.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}